{"id":7983,"date":"2025-10-26T20:28:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T20:28:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinq.adlania.net\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a\/"},"modified":"2025-12-13T20:06:11","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T20:06:11","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cinq.adlania.net\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t01 1. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 (1824-1889)\n<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/span><\/h2><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062b\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: “\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642. <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1894 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0642\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t03 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.
\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u064e\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>

\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u062e\u064d \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t04 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0651\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647: “\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642”. \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647: “\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u064e \u064a\u062f\u0643 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627”.<\/strong> <\/p>

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/p>

\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1909\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0628\u0639\u0636\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0650\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0651\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0650\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>

\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/b><\/b><\/p>

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